GLP-1 EFFECTS ON RISK REDUCTION AND LONGEVITY

These trials have shown that GLP-1 RAs can lower the risk of cardiovascular death, non-fatal stroke, and non-fatal myocardial infarction. Additionally, some trials have indicated a reduction in hospitalizations for heart failure and improvements in kidney outcomes.

Key Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials

ELIXA: Evaluated lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and recent acute coronary syndrome.

LEADER: Studied liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.

SUSTAIN-6: Assessed semaglutide for cardiovascular and other long-term outcomes in type 2 diabetes.

EXSCEL: Investigated once-weekly exenatide for cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.

Harmony Outcomes: Examined albiglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

REWIND: Studied dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.

PIONEER 6: Evaluated oral semaglutide for cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.

Key Findings

Reduced MACE: GLP-1 RAs consistently show a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke.

Reduced Cardiovascular Mortality: Several trials have demonstrated a reduction in deaths from cardiovascular causes.

Reduced Stroke and Myocardial Infarction: GLP-1 RAs have shown a decrease in the risk of both non-fatal stroke and non-fatal myocardial infarction.

Potential Kidney Benefits: Some trials have indicated a potential for GLP-1 RAs to reduce albuminuria and nephropathy events.

Impact on Heart Failure: A meta-analysis suggests a possible reduction in heart failure hospitalizations, though the effect may be small.

Consistent Effects Across Subgroups: The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 RAs have been observed in various patient subgroups, including those with and without established cardiovascular disease.